[ { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000134589", "acceptedName": "Artemisia absinthium", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000134589.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 153, "toxicityFlag": "concern_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA contraindicates wormwood herb medicines in liver disease and bile-duct disorders. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal medicine summary for the public (wormwood herb)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-summary/wormwood-herb-summary-public_en.pdf", "quote": "They must also not be taken by patients with bile duct obstruction, cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts) or liver disease.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000788844", "acceptedName": "Crocus sativus", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000788844.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 151, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "A review reports adverse effects in humans above about 5 g/day and moderate toxicity of an ethanolic extract in zebrafish. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Review, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12729493/", "quote": "Although doses exceeding 5 g/day in humans may lead to adverse effects, the IC 50 of saffron ethanolic extract in zebrafish was determined to be 1021.374 mg/L, indicating moderate toxicity.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000933181", "acceptedName": "Ajuga chamaepitys", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000933181.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 46, "toxicityFlag": "no_toxicity_reported", "toxicityNote": "Invertebrate assays only (Daphnia, Artemia); the same paper reports toxicity to Daphnia pulex at high concentration. No mammalian data; not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Primary study, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11085171/", "quote": "The extract was virtually non-toxic to Daphnia magna throughout the exposure period, with the highest recorded average lethality being 10%.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000460581", "acceptedName": "Ranunculus ficaria", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000460581.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 17, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "A single human case report of acute toxic liver injury attributed to lesser celandine. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Case report, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4342611/", "quote": "This case is the first to explain hepatotoxicity caused by lesser celandine.", "licence": "CC BY-NC 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000212813", "acceptedName": "Glycyrrhiza glabra", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000212813.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 461, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA monograph: overdose with prolonged or high intake causes water retention, hypokalaemia, hypertension and cardiac rhythm disorders. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal monograph (Glycyrrhiza spp., radix, revision 1)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-glycyrrhiza-glabra-l-glycyrrhiza-inflata-bat-glycyrrhiza-uralensis-fisch-radix-revision-1_en.pdf", "quote": "Cases of overdose have been reported with prolonged use (more than 4 weeks) and/or intake of high amount of liquorice, with symptoms such as water retention, hypokalaemia, hypertension, cardiac rhythm disorders, and hypertensive encephalopathy.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000968296", "acceptedName": "Galium aparine", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000968296.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 19, "toxicityFlag": "no_toxicity_reported", "toxicityNote": "In vitro cell assay only; no in vivo toxicity source located. Not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Primary study, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11267910/", "quote": "The results of the viability assay showed no cytotoxicity effects on human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell lines treated with different concentrations of whole plant extract and cell viability increased in a dose-dependent manner.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000600655", "acceptedName": "Chelidonium majus", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000600655.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 69, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA public statement: products withdrawn in some EU countries over reported adverse effects, particularly liver toxicity. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, public statement (Chelidonium majus L., herba)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/final-public-statement-chelidonium-majus-l-herba_en.pdf", "quote": "In some European countries marketing authorisations for medicinal products containing Chelidonium majus have been withdrawn because of concerns with reported adverse effects, particularly liver toxicity.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0001021850", "acceptedName": "Hyoscyamus niger", "file": "profiles/wfo-0001021850.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 78, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "Clinical toxicology review: tropane-alkaloid poisoning, possibly fatal. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Review, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4224707/", "quote": "One of the most important and geographically common plants is Hyoscyamus Niger with therapeutic and possible toxic effects, which may be even fatal.", "licence": "CC BY 3.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000402430", "acceptedName": "Raphanus sativus", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000402430.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 248, "toxicityFlag": "concern_reported", "toxicityNote": "Systematic review: radish root affected thyroid activity in two rat studies (goitrogenic potential), not poisoning. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Systematic review, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11012840/", "quote": "A noticeable influence on thyroid activity by radish root was observed in two studies on rats ( Table 6 ).", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0001006654", "acceptedName": "Agrimonia eupatoria", "file": "profiles/wfo-0001006654.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 21, "toxicityFlag": "no_toxicity_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA reported no side effects at its assessment; this is not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal medicine summary for the public (agrimony)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-summary/agrimony-summary-public_en.pdf", "quote": "At the time of the HMPC assessment, no side effects had been reported with these medicines.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000302258", "acceptedName": "Salvia sclarea", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000302258.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 136, "toxicityFlag": "no_toxicity_reported", "toxicityNote": "In vitro cell assay only; the same paper notes a modest drop in HEK 293 viability at the highest concentrations. Not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Primary study, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13075098/", "quote": "After treatment of HEK 293 and HaCaT cells with increasing concentrations of S. sclarea and S. pratensis extracts (10–200 µg/mL), no significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was observed compared to the control, indicating that the extracts did not induce detectable cytotoxicity or membrane damage in the tested cell lines after 24 h, as indicates Figure 7 .", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000480963", "acceptedName": "Papaver somniferum", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000480963.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 108, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "Review and case study: tea from unwashed poppy seeds can carry enough morphine to cause dependence. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Review and case study, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6513924/", "quote": "Unwashed poppy seeds may contain sufficient alkaloid residue to produce tea with a substantial morphine content to the extent that regular users can develop dependence and opioid use disorder.", "licence": "CC BY-NC 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000725866", "acceptedName": "Humulus lupulus", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000725866.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 484, "toxicityFlag": "no_toxicity_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA reported no side effects at its assessment; this is not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal medicine summary for the public (hop strobile)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-summary/hop-strobile-summary-public_en.pdf", "quote": "At the time of the HMPC assessment, no side effects had been reported with these medicines.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000755919", "acceptedName": "Allium cepa", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000755919.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 319, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "Veterinary review: onion causes oxidative haemolysis (anaemia) in cats, dogs and cattle. Animal evidence, not human. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Veterinary review, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9495094/", "quote": "Cats, dogs and cattle appear most susceptible to the onion’s toxic effects, whereas sheep and goats are more resistant.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000621274", "acceptedName": "Coriandrum sativum", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000621274.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 157, "toxicityFlag": "data_lacking", "toxicityNote": "Review: toxicity at higher doses and longer use has not been adequately studied (it cites food-use status in the USA). (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Review, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9314633/", "quote": "Although the safety of coriander has been confirmed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA), further studies are recommended to investigate the toxicity and adverse effects of this plant when consumed at higher doses and longer periods of time.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000588460", "acceptedName": "Carum carvi", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000588460.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 77, "toxicityFlag": "concern_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA contraindicates caraway fruit medicines in allergy to caraway, other Apiaceae, mugwort or birch. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal medicine summary for the public (caraway fruit)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-summary/caraway-fruit-summary-public_en.pdf", "quote": "Caraway fruit medicines must not be used in patients who are hypersensitive (allergic) to caraway fruit or other plants of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family (fennel, anise, celery, coriander and dill), to mugwort or birch.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000607845", "acceptedName": "Citrullus colocynthis", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000607845.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 74, "toxicityFlag": "toxic_reported", "toxicityNote": "Human case report: multiorgan toxicity after eating the fruit. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "Case report, PMC (open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12522648/", "quote": "Citrullus colocynthis , a plant traditionally used for its purgative properties, is known for its severe toxicity when consumed in excessive amounts.", "licence": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000983427", "acceptedName": "Filipendula ulmaria", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000983427.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 25, "toxicityFlag": "concern_reported", "toxicityNote": "EMA monograph: contraindicated in hypersensitivity to salicylates; not recommended with salicylates or NSAIDs without medical advice. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": { "source": "EMA/HMPC, EU herbal monograph (Filipendula ulmaria, herba)", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-filipendula-ulmaria-l-maxim-herba-first-version_en.pdf", "quote": "Concomitant use with salicylates and other NSAIDs is not recommended without medical advice.", "licence": "EMA: 'Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.'", "basis": "ai_drafted_unverified", "verifiedBy": "" } }, { "mock": false, "speciesId": "wfo-0000329771", "acceptedName": "Betonica officinalis", "file": "profiles/wfo-0000329771.json", "preparations": 13, "compounds": 22, "toxicityFlag": "unknown", "toxicityNote": "No reputable open source on toxicity located in this session (genus-level Stachys reviews cover other species only). Not evidence of safety. (AI-drafted, unverified)", "toxicityEvidence": null } ]